Amillennialism or Postmillennialism? What books to read and which view is correct?

This week, a member asked me to recommend books on Amillennialism and Postmillennialism. Before doing so, let me clarify what we’re talking about. Amillennialism and Postmillennialism are two different views related to how Christians interpret Revelation 20 in particular, as well as the Bible's wider teachings about the end times and the kingdom of God.

Amillennialism:

• They believe the kingdom of God is already present in the world but in a spiritual sense. This means that when Jesus came to earth, he established his kingdom, and it continues through the church today.

• Sees the “millennium” mentioned in Revelation as a symbolic period that represents the current church age, where Christ reigns in the hearts of believers by his Spirit.

• Does not insist that prior to Christ’s return and final judgment, there will be a prolonged “golden age,” wherein the majority of the world is Christianized.

Postmillennialism:

• They believe that before Jesus returns, the world will increasingly become more Christian and more righteous through the spread of the gospel and the influence of the church.

• They expect a “golden age” or a long period of peace and prosperity where Christian values dominate society. This period is often associated with the "millennium" of Revelation 20.

In summary, the basic difference is that Amillennialists see Christ's kingdom as already here in a spiritual sense and does not insist on a future golden age before Jesus returns, while Postmillennialists believe the world will gradually improve and experience a long period of Christian dominance before Jesus comes back.

Recommended reading

Specifically on this subject:

Amillennial perspective — A Case for Amillennialism by Dr. Kim Riddlebarger (URC pastor). 

Postmillennial perspective — Postmillennialism: An Eschatology of Hope by Keith A. Mathison.

Commentaries on the Book of Revelation as a whole:

Triumph of the Lamb by Dennis Johnson. It’s easy and edifying read, and a fair introduction to the book of Revelation.

A Shorter Commentary on Revelation by G.K. Beale. At more than 500 pages, it makes you wonder how much longer his original book was. But it succeeds in adding depth and nuance to one’s understanding of a challenging portion of Scripture.

Now, for my opinions…

If there is one lesson I have learned over many years of studying this subject, it is that no one can agree on how many n’s there are in millennialism (this Crosswalk article uses both versions to be safe). For our purposes, I’m on Team Two-N’s.

More seriously, I’ll begin by stating my pastoral conviction that the issue of amillennialism-versus-postmillennialism is not one which should divide congregations. Notably, our Three Forms of Unity do not explicitly endorse either position (though their reticence on this matter is typically understood to reflect amillennial leanings). The fact is, both sides long to serve Christ and eventually to behold him reigning visibly in glory.

That being said, my honest opinion is that postmillennialism is an error (not heresy) which arises from deficient hermeneutics coupled with misplaced expectations about God's plan for the church prior to Christ's return. If that judgment sounds harsh, my intention is to “speak the truth in love.” Nor am I alone in this estimation. The majority of Reformed and Presbyterian Christians, both past and present, have tended to hold an amillennial view of eschatology. In the United Reformed Churches, where I serve, nearly all pastors are amillennial—perhaps 95% of us. Of course, majorities aren’t always right; but when there is a strong consensus, especially among brothers with whom we otherwise tend to agree, it should make us pause to humbly consider how they reached their conclusion.

To be fair, postmillennialism once enjoyed wider acceptance than it does today. The 19th century is considered the heyday of the view. Its popularity during that period was bolstered by the global missionary movement, coupled with Western imperialism and, leading to apparent growth in Christianization and Westernization of areas formerly closed to the gospel. Two world wars and the rapid increase of secularization, however, contributed to a decline in adherence. Simply put, it grew harder to look at the world and say, “we’re almost there.” Yet even at its zenith, postmillennialism remained a minority view.

Lately, there has been a resurgence of interest in postmillennialism in some circles. I see it growing fastest among people with Baptist or Dispensational backgrounds. Some aspects of this belief are understandably attractive. For instance, if we grant that a seismic social transformation must occur prior to Jesus’ return, this might encourage Christians to take a more active role in shaping society according to biblical principles. This outlook resonates with those who believe we must engaging in politics, education, and cultural issues to bring about change. To be fair, Christians of every stripe ought to do all these things, simply because God commands us to love our neighbors in his name. But to postmillennial believers, it might be easier to see how our efforts contribute to the end goal of Christ’s glorious return.

On the other side, postmillennialists sometimes accuse their amillennial brethren of being pessimistic or complacent about Christ's kingdom. I would never describe my view as “pessimistic.” To the contrary, amillennialism affirms our faith that God’s kingdom will succeed according to plan. The difference is that we believe God’s plan involves two stages:

Stage 1 — Christ gathers the spiritual citizens of his heavenly kingdom to faith. He does so by means of his Spirit working through the evangelistic activities of the church. Meanwhile, Christ “binds” Satan from altogether thwarting our missionary task.

Stage 2 — Christ will consummate his kingdom visibly at his glorious return. At that time, he will judge the world, expel all enemies, and bestow the new creation upon his co-heirs. 

Now, let’s build on this summary.

We are now in the first stage of Christ’s kingdom, which began at his incarnation by the Spirit in Mary’s womb. Hence the wise men asked, “Where is he who is born king?” In Luke 11:20, Jesus stated clearly that his reign has already begun:

"If I cast out devils by the finger of God, then the Kingdom of God has come near to you."

In other words, because Jesus had cast out demons, there should be no doubt about the inauguration of his kingdom having taken place. In that passage, Jesus compared his power over Satan to "bings the strong man and plundering his goods". Doubtless, the Lord’s depiction of himself “binding” the devil to rescue the elect has bearing on John’s vision in Revelation 20. There we behold Satan "bound" for a "thousand years." It seems sensible to interpret this later passage in light of Jesus’ earlier statements. For that reason, most Reformed Christians understand the “millenium” to refer symbolically to a lengthy period of time during which Christ prevents the devil from thwarting the church in her missionary task. The Greek phrase translated "1000 years" is best understood as a hyperbolic idiom, meaning that it emphasizes extent without specifying an exact length. It is similar, I suppose, to how one might say that a Lamborghini costs "a bajillion bucks." The idiom emphasizes vastness without necessarily intending a precise amount.

“Thy Kingdom is Come”

Presently, Christ exercising his kingly authority by sending his Spirit to gather spiritual citizens of the heavenly kingdom. He does so by converting the elect to faith, thereby delivering them from Satan’s domain. This is reflected in Colossains 1, when Paul declares that,

"[God] has rescued us from the kingdom of darkness and transferred us into the Kingdom of his dear Son, who purchased our freedom and forgave our sins."

Here, Christ’s redemptive kingdom is shown to exist in parallel with Satan’s sinful dominion over the world. Similarly, until Christ’s return, the kingdom of heaven exists alongside earthly civil governments and kingdoms. When Pilate asked Jesus whether he claimed civil authority, the Lord replied,

"My kingdom is not of this world. If my kingdom were of this world, my servants would have been fighting, that I might not be delivered over to the Jews. But my kingdom is not from the world."

In this way, he indicated that his redemptive government is not exercised by means of temporal laws and power, but from within, by the Spirit. Compare Luke’s Gospel, which reads,

"Jesus was asked by the Pharisees when the Kingdom of God was coming, and He answered, “The Kingdom of God is not coming with things that can be observed; nor will they say, 'Look, here it is!' or 'There it is!' For, in fact, the Kingdom of God is among/within you” (Luke 17:20-21, NRSV). 

Our newfound spiritual freedom enables us to submit to Jesus willingly in all things, as we “keep in step with the Spirit.” Paul emphasizes this aspect of the kingdom in Romans 14:17-22:

"the kingdom of God is not eating and drinking, but righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit. For he who serves Christ in these things is acceptable to God and approved by men." 

“Thy Kingdom shall Come”

So, how does the kingdom conclude? When Christ returns bodily, the second and final stage of his kingdom will commence. He will "cause every knee to bow, and every tongue to confess that Jesus is Lord" (Phil 2:10-11). His enemies will be "cast out of the kingdom." Those who are united with Christ, however, will inherit all things. Thus will Habakkuk's words be fully realized: "The earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea" (2:14).

Recommendations for Conducting Effective Pastoral Reviews

Annual pastoral reviews are vital for sustaining a healthy church ministry. They benefit the pastor, elders, and congregation by fostering mutual understanding, aligning expectations, and encouraging a proactive culture of improvement. This in turn strengthens the church’s unity and vitality. For elders, the process affords a regular time to reflect on the pastor’s performance and the church’s direction. The pastor is relieved to know that potential issues are addressed early. The congregation likewise benefits from a minister who is continually progressing.

1. Start by Building Consensus Among the Elders

I advise that the pastor be absent while elders form a consensus about his strengths, weaknesses, and goals. This prevents confusion about whether comments reflect the majority’s view or just one elder’s opinion. Suppose one elder suggests “much longer sermons.” The others say nothing, however, figuring the pastor ‘should know better’ than to heed that advice. Without clear consensus, the pastor may be uncertain about how to proceed or even go the wrong direction.

Excluding the pastor at this stage encourages open dialogue. Elders can freely express their views without searching for the perfect words. It also preserves unity by preventing the pastor from associating criticism with specific elders. Any feedback he receives comes from the consistory as a whole.

Be specific when describing areas for improvement. Vague advice like “visitation could be better” isn’t helpful. Instead, offer clear guidance: “We are directing you to aim for at least two family visits every month and to limit sermon length to forty minutes most weeks.” Specificity provides the pastor with actionable steps, paving the way for real progress.

2. Document and Communicate the Results to the Pastor

Once a consensus is formed, document the results in a report to be archived with the Minutes. Written records ensure progress can be tracked and offer safeguards against misunderstanding or forgetfulness. I recommend that two elders go over the report with the pastor in person, perhaps over a meal or coffee. This warm approach helps offset potential discouragement and allows the pastor to ask for clarifications if necessary.

3. Additional Advice for Effective Reviews

Balance is key in any review. Alongside areas for improvement, be sure to highlight the pastor’s strengths and achievements. Positive reinforcement can be incredibly encouraging. Give consideration, as well, to the well being of his family.

You don’t have to wait until the annual review to offer personal encouragement or constructive criticism. If the pastor says or does something that blesses or bothers you enough to dwell on it, consider speaking with him privately before setting it before the consistory.

The most obvious piece of advice for conducting pastoral reviews is to ensure they actually happen. Yet we have all heard of situations where the pastor discovers too late that aspects of his ministry have been causing problems. When reviews are not regular, calling for one can seem to signal that “something is wrong.” This leads to unnecessary stress and anxiety. Therefore, it’s better to conduct reviews at fixed times in the year. Postpone for a few weeks, if necessary, but don't put reviews off to the next year. Ultimately, pastoral reviews are not formalities; they are about building up the pastor, aligning the leadership, and providing better care for the congregation as we share in Christ’s mission. With that in mind, bathe every step of the process in prayer. Ask God to provide humility, charity, insight, and unity to everyone involved.

How & Why You Should (and Can!) Read More Books

First off, I want you to know that I am not one of those natural readers. You know, the people who seem to find the physical habit of reading effortless and even pleasurable. Frankly, if there was an easier way to reap the same benefits, I would probably not read like I do. But I have experienced the value of reading books and have developed certain skills that make the process easier. I would be pleased now to share them with you.

Motivation Makes a Difference

The number of non-fiction books which the average American reads each year rounds to zero. The reason is simple. Reading seems dull and difficult compared to other pastimes, especially in the age of Internet entertainment. The tragedy, however, is that neglecting the habit of reading means foregoing significant personal growth. Why is that? Simply put, books are supremely suited to condensing the vast knowledge and experience of others in a format that you can receive and profit by. From this perspective, becoming a reader has little to do with whether or not you enjoy reading as a hobby. The question is whether you want to receive the treasures of the ages stored up in text. Moreover, reading improves critical thinking, vocabulary, and communication skills, all of which are useful in both personal and professional life. It can be a source of inspiration and new ideas. Beyond satisfying our curiosity, books are vital tools which can further our relational and career goals, as well as enrich our spiritual lives. Practically, this means we must all strive to become better readers. Not because we love reading in itself, but in order to become better versions of ourselves for the glory of God and good of our neighbors.

How to Develop Stamina

We’ve all been there—planning to begin a book but just five minutes in, we feel agitated and set the book aside (usually in favor of a phone). Many people report extreme difficulty reading more than fifteen minutes at a time and seldom read more than once or twice a week. Sadly, such a pace hardly encourages progress in your understanding of the Christian faith (or much else). But what can we do?

When I first attempted to become an avid reader, I failed repeatedly. Focusing on a book for thirty minutes was hard going, especially as I began reading more challenging non-fiction works. But then God granted me to make a discovery that transformed my abilities almost overnight. Previously, I was happy to read two or three books a year. Now, I finish two or three every month!

The 15/15 Rule

What changed? IT started by observing how a friend of mine would watch several hours of television every day. Why didn’t she get bored? The answer is that she did; but instead of turning off the TV, she would change the channel until she found something that interested her. Suddenly, she was good to sit for another thirty or sixty minutes. Whatever you think of her habit, she had stumbled onto the secret to overcoming boredom—introduce diversity.

Soon, I began applying this idea to how I approach reading. Instead of working my way through one book at a time, cover to cover, I decided to have between five and ten books “in progress” at any given time. I positioned them strategically around the house so that whenever I had some downtime, I might make a selection from the “channels.” To this day, I keep stacks of two or three books in various places. One by my bedside. Another next to the couch. Another near my desk. The key is to have different “channels” to choose from; that is, books of very different categories. So, I’ll have something historical, something theological, as well as general knowledge or perhaps fiction. In all, I want to cover the bases of a rounded learning diet.

Here’s where it comes into picture. When I sit down to read, instead of being faced with one book (that I probably dread or loath, depending on my mood) I am free to pick from the pile whichever interests me the most. But here’s my 15/15 rule that makes it work: I commit to reading for at least fifteen minutes (I set a timer) or to complete fifteen pages before “changing the channel” to another book. Then I repeat the commitment to fifteen minutes or 15 pages. Of course, I can read longer if I wish. But just knowing that in a few minutes I can “change the channel” helps me persevere through less interesting portions of reading. In fact, I have often observed the book itself was not boring. The real obstacle was that I needed a bit of time to change gears. The first 15 minutes can feel like a slog. By the time I get to the second or third chunk of reading, however, my mind has relaxed and I might be able to focus on one book for an hour or more.

It is More Important that You Learn than How You Learn

Another obstacle to reading is the attitude that reading doesn’t “count” if it’s not in print form. Somehow, audio books and ebooks are viewed by some people as not really reading. Thankfully, this prejudice is dying out as more people are raised with electronic devices. To be clear, I’m not asserting that all formats are equally effective (studies show that reading print can be more effective than reading off of screens for many people). Simply that receiving long-form information by any means is better than not receiving it at all.

Don’t Bite Off Too Much

If you want to master a subject, it might seem efficient to start at the biggest, most “authoritative” work on the matter that you can find. For instance, plenty of novice theologians have attempted John’s Calvin’s 1500-page Institutes of the Christian Religion before they ever read one of the brief summaries (e.g., Belgic Confession of Faith) based on it. For most readers, however, this approach is a recipe for failure. The reader is likely to become overwhelmed by the sheer length, if not by the material (larger works often assume readers are already familiar with the basic issues). Finally, this approach presents the added danger of becoming imbalanced in your views since you don’t have a framework to sense if that author is idiosyncratic in his views.

Use the “spiral method” to avoid burnout and imbalance.

Start by read a few brief articles or pamphlet-length books on the matter. This completes the first ring of the “spiral”. Follow that by reading several shorter, related books that deepen your understanding. Once complete, you’re ready to take on one or more large, respected works. Selecting works from various centuries can help you avoid what C. S. Lewis called “chronological snobbery” which means being blind to the prejudices of our own time. At that point, you will probably need to move on to academic articles to learn much that is substantially deeper or more nuanced than what you have already encountered.

EXAMPLE: Systematic Summaries of the Christian Faith

• Brief (1-50 pages)

• Belgic Confession of Faith

• Westminster Confession of Faith

• Short (150-250 pages)

• Knowing God by J. I. Packer

• The Christian Life: A Doctrinal Introduction by Sinclair Ferguson

• What is Reformed Theology by R. C. Sproul

• Long (250-1500 pages):

  • The Wonderful Works of God by Herman Bavinck

  • Institutes of the Christian Religion by John Calvin (trans. Robert White)

  • Systematic Theology by Douglas Kelly

Foundational Reading for Reformed Adults

35 Books to Read Before You Turn 25
(Or Whenever!)
According to Rev. Michael Spotts

Download printable Checklist (.pdf)

The goal of reading thirty-five non-fiction books might seem daunting to someone who rarely reads for pleasure. But it’s more manageable than you think: over the course of five years, this list works out to about 30 minutes of reading per week. Or just five minutes per day (I did the math). More importantly, it is time well spent because you are laying a spiritual foundation for decades to come.

The following selections are based on my own reading of many hundreds of books. The titles cover a wide range of topics, starting more basic and becoming intermediate-level. Together, I think they provide a strong foundation in the Christian faith from a Reformed perspective. Certainly, many more could be added. In addition to these essentials, feel free to explore my other lists of recommended reading.

Scripture

The Holy Bible — English Standard Version recommended

For tips on how to approach Bible reading, see “How to Read the Bible for All It’s Worth.”

Confessional Documents

Outside of the Bible, there is no better place to begin learning about the Christian faith than one of these time-tested documents confessed by millions of believers.

1. The Heidelberg Catechism

2. The Belgic Confession of Faith

3. Westminster Confession of Faith AND/OR The Westminster Shorter Catechism

Books

Here are the synopses and reasons to read each of these books:

1. Welcome to a Reformed Church by Daniel R. Hyde
   A clear and accessible introduction to the beliefs, practices, and history of Reformed churches. An excellent resource for those new to Reformed theology or seeking a deeper understanding of its distinctives.

2. God Has Spoken by J. I. Packer
   Packer explores the authority and relevance of the Bible, emphasizing its role as God's revealed Word. A foundational read for understanding the significance of Scripture in the life of a Christian.

3. Knowing God by J. I. Packer
   This classic work delves into the nature and character of God, encouraging believers to deepen their relationship with Him. A must-read for anyone seeking to grow in their understanding of who God is and what it means to know Him personally.

4. The Case for Christ by Lee Strobel
   Strobel, a former atheist, investigates the historical evidence for Jesus, leading to his conversion to Christianity. A compelling read for skeptics and believers alike, offering a journalist's perspective on the evidence for Christ's life, death, and resurrection.

5. The Reason for God: Belief in an Age of Skepticism by Timothy Keller
   Keller addresses common objections to Christianity, presenting a rational case for belief in God in a skeptical age. A thoughtful and engaging book that helps believers and skeptics alike grapple with difficult questions about faith.

6. The Hole in Our Holiness by Kevin DeYoung
   DeYoung challenges Christians to pursue holiness, addressing the gap between what we believe about holiness and how we live it out. A thought-provoking call to embrace the pursuit of holiness as an essential aspect of the Christian life.

7. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan
   This allegorical tale follows Christian on his journey from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City, symbolizing the Christian life. As one of the most influential works in Christian literature, it offers timeless spiritual insights and encouragement for believers.

8. Tortured for Christ by Richard Wurmbrand
   Wurmbrand recounts his experiences of persecution and imprisonment for his faith under Communist rule in Romania. A powerful testimony of courage and faith in the face of severe persecution, inspiring believers to stand firm in their own faith.

9. What’s in the Bible by R. C. Sproul
   Sproul provides an overview of the Bible’s contents, explaining the major themes and structure of Scripture. An accessible and informative guide for those looking to understand the big picture of the Bible and how its books fit together.

10. How to Read the Bible for All It’s Worth by Gordon Fee
    Fee and Stuart provide a practical guide to interpreting the Bible, helping readers understand the different genres and contexts of Scripture. A valuable resource for anyone wanting to read the Bible with greater understanding and accuracy.

11. Covenantal Baptism by Jason Helopulous
    Helopulous explains the practice of infant baptism from a covenantal perspective, rooted in Reformed theology. An excellent resource for parents, pastors, and church members who want to understand the biblical basis for covenantal baptism.

12. Chosen by God by R. C. Sproul
    Sproul explores the doctrine of predestination, offering a clear and biblical explanation of this often misunderstood topic. A foundational work for those wrestling with or seeking to understand the doctrine of election in the Reformed tradition.

13. Killing Calvinism: How to Destroy a Perfectly Good Theology from the Inside by Greg Dutcher
    Dutcher examines the pitfalls and dangers that can undermine a faithful adherence to Calvinism from within. A candid and self-reflective critique that helps Reformed believers avoid common mistakes and maintain a humble, Christ-centered faith.

14. Christians Get Depressed Too by David Murray
    Murray addresses the reality of depression among Christians, offering biblical encouragement and practical advice. A compassionate and balanced resource for understanding depression and supporting those who struggle with it, rooted in biblical truth.

15. Spiritual Disciplines of the Christian Life by Donald S. Whitney
    Whitney guides readers through key spiritual disciplines like prayer, Bible study, and fasting, showing their importance for spiritual growth. A practical and motivating guide for believers who want to deepen their walk with God through intentional spiritual practices.

16. Pocket Book of Church History by D. Jeffrey Bingham
    This concise overview of church history covers key events, figures, and developments from the early church to the present. An accessible introduction to church history that provides a valuable context for understanding the development of Christian doctrine and practice.

17. Counsel From the Cross by Elyse Fitzpatrick
    Fitzpatrick offers gospel-centered counsel for believers, applying the truths of the cross to everyday struggles and challenges. A deeply encouraging and practical book for anyone seeking to apply the gospel to their life and relationships.

18. The Valley of Vision by Arthur Bennet
    A collection of Puritan prayers and devotions, offering deep spiritual insights and rich theological reflections. A timeless resource for personal devotion, helping believers deepen their prayer life with biblically rich and theologically profound prayers.

19. The Bondage of the Will by Martin Luther
    Luther’s seminal work on the human will argues for the necessity of divine grace in overcoming the bondage of sin. A crucial read for understanding the Reformation’s emphasis on grace and the human inability to choose God apart from His intervention.

20. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther by Roland H. Bainton (revised edition, 2017)
    This biography of Martin Luther vividly recounts his life, struggles, and impact on the Reformation. A compelling and accessible portrait of one of the most influential figures in Christian history, essential for understanding the Reformation.

21. The Master Plan of Evangelism by Robert Coleman
    Coleman outlines Jesus’ strategy for evangelism, focusing on disciple-making as the key to effective ministry. A classic work on evangelism that emphasizes the importance of intentional discipleship and multiplication in fulfilling the Great Commission.

22. Practical Religion by J. C. Ryle
    Ryle addresses the importance of living out one’s faith in everyday life, emphasizing the need for practical godliness. A timeless exhortation to live out the Christian faith with sincerity and conviction, offering practical advice for godly living.

23. Confessions by Augustine of Hippo
    Augustine’s autobiographical work reflects on his sinful past and conversion, offering profound theological insights. A foundational Christian classic that provides a deep and introspective look at the human heart, sin, and God’s grace.

24. The Identity & Attributes of God by Terry L. Johnson
    Johnson explores the character and attributes of God, providing a rich and detailed study of who God is according to Scripture. A deep theological resource for those who want to know God more fully and understand His attributes in greater detail.

25. The God Who is There by Francis Schaeffer
    Schaeffer addresses the challenges of modern secularism, presenting a Christian worldview that engages with contemporary culture. A thought-provoking defense of the Christian faith that equips believers to engage thoughtfully with the intellectual and cultural challenges of the modern world.

26. The Deep Things of God: How the Trinity Changes Everything by Fred Sanders
    Sanders explores the significance of the Trinity for the Christian life, showing how this doctrine is foundational to every aspect of faith. A profound and accessible exploration of the Trinity, offering fresh insights into how this central doctrine shapes our understanding of God and the Christian life.

27. The Mission of God’s People by Christopher Wright
    Wright explores how the entire biblical narrative informs and shapes the church's mission, emphasizing that every believer is called to participate in God's redemptive work in the world. This book provides a holistic and theologically rich understanding of mission, making it essential for anyone seeking to align their life and ministry with God's overarching purpose.

28. Providence by John Piper
    Piper explores the biblical doctrine of providence, showing how God’s sovereign control extends over all aspects of life. A comprehensive and awe-inspiring study of God’s providence, offering deep comfort and assurance for believers in the midst of life’s uncertainties.

29. The Wonderful Works of God by Herman Bavink
    Bavinck presents a comprehensive and accessible overview of Reformed theology, covering the doctrines of God, creation, salvation, and more. A rich and profound theological work that offers believers a deep understanding of the core tenets of the Christian faith from a Reformed perspective.

30. Balanced Christianity by John Stott
    Stott addresses the need for balance in the Christian life, exploring how to hold together truth and love, head and heart, and evangelism and social action.
    A wise and practical guide for maintaining a balanced approach to faith and life in a world prone to extremes.

31. The Weight of Glory by C. S. Lewis
    A collection of Lewis’s essays on Christian theology, ethics, and the nature of glory, offering profound reflections on the Christian life. A rich and thought-provoking read that challenges believers to live with a deeper awareness of God’s glory and our eternal destiny.

32. Early Church Fathers by Cyril Richardson
    This anthology offers selections from the writings of key early Christian thinkers, providing insight into the development of Christian doctrine and practice. A valuable resource for understanding the foundations of Christian theology and the historical context of the early church.

33. No Place for Truth: Or Whatever Happened to Evangelical Theology? by David Wells
    Wells critiques the state of evangelicalism, arguing that it has drifted away from serious theological reflection. A thought-provoking and challenging book that calls for a return to doctrinal seriousness and theological integrity in the church.

34. Love Thy Body: Answering Hard Questions about Life and Sexuality by Nancy Pearcey
    Pearcey addresses contemporary issues related to sexuality, gender, and the human body, offering a Christian perspective on these cultural debates. A timely and insightful book that helps Christians navigate the complex moral and ethical challenges of modern society.

35. The Rise and Triumph of the Modern Self by Carl Trueman
    Trueman traces the historical and philosophical roots of modern identity, exploring how we arrived at our current understanding of the self. A profound and illuminating analysis of contemporary culture, offering Christians a framework for understanding and engaging with modern challenges to the faith.

BONUS: The Institutes of the Christian Religion by John Calvin (Trans. by Robert White)
Calvin’s magnum opus systematically outlines Christian theology from a Reformed perspective, covering topics such as God, salvation, and the church. A foundational text for understanding Reformed theology and a cornerstone of Christian theological literature for five centuries.

Foundational Reading List for Reformed Teens

25 Books to Read Before You Turn 20 (According to Rev. Michael Spotts)

Download printable Checklist (.pdf)

The goal of reading twenty-five non-fiction books (not even for school credit!) might seem daunting. But over the course of four years, it works out to about 30 minutes of reading per week. Or just five minutes per day (I did the math). More importantly, it is time well spent because you are laying a spiritual foundation for decades to come.

The following selections are based on my own reading of many hundreds of books. The titles cover a wide range of topics, starting more basic and becoming intermediate-level. Together, I think they provide a strong foundation in the Christian faith from a Reformed perspective. Certainly, many more could be added.

Some of these books may prove challenging to kids under sixteen. But parents, do not underestimate how capable your teens may be when it comes to learning. Still, I suggest incentivizing their reading. Say, for every book they finish, they get to go on a dessert date with mom or dad. And if your child completes the whole list, why not celebrate with a party or special trip? Afterward, encourage them to move on to the Adult Foundational Reading List. Good news, they have already read most of it!

Scripture

The Holy Bible — English Standard Version recommended

For tips on how to approach Bible reading, see “How to Read the Bible for All It’s Worth.”

Confessional Documents

Outside of the Bible, there is no better place to begin learning about the Christian faith than one of these time-tested documents confessed by millions of believers.

1. The Heidelberg Catechism AND/OR The Belgic Confession of Faith

2. The Westminster Confession of Faith AND/OR The Westminster Shorter Catechism

Books

1. Welcome to a Reformed Church by Daniel R. Hyde
   A clear and accessible introduction to the beliefs, practices, and history of Reformed churches. An excellent resource for those new to Reformed theology or seeking a deeper understanding of its distinctives.

2. 10 Questions Every Teen Should Ask (and Answer) about Christianity by Rebecca McLaughlin
   McLaughlin addresses key questions that teenagers often have about Christianity, providing thoughtful and engaging answers. A valuable tool for teens grappling with their faith, helping them to think critically and deeply about their beliefs.

3. Taking God at His Word by Kevin DeYoung
   DeYoung presents a compelling case for the authority, clarity, necessity, and sufficiency of Scripture. A concise and persuasive reminder of the importance of Scripture in the Christian life, ideal for both new believers and seasoned Christians.

4. Knowing God by J. I. Packer
   This classic work explores the nature and character of God, encouraging believers to deepen their relationship with Him. A must-read for anyone seeking to grow in their understanding of who God is and what it means to know Him personally.

5. The Case for Christ by Lee Strobel
   Strobel, a former atheist, investigates the historical evidence for Jesus, leading to his conversion to Christianity. A compelling read for skeptics and believers alike, offering a journalist's perspective on the evidence for Christ's life, death, and resurrection.

6. The Hole in Our Holiness by Kevin DeYoung
   DeYoung challenges Christians to pursue holiness, addressing the gap between what we believe about holiness and how we live it out. A thought-provoking call to embrace the pursuit of holiness as an essential aspect of the Christian life.

7. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan
   Second only to the Bible in the number of copies published! This allegorical tale follows Christian on his journey from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City, symbolizing the Christian life. As one of the most influential works in Christian literature, it offers timeless spiritual insights and encouragement for believers.

8. Tortured for Christ by Richard Wurmbrand
   Wurmbrand recounts his experiences of persecution and imprisonment for his faith under Communist rule in Romania. A powerful testimony of courage and faith in the face of severe persecution, inspiring believers to stand firm in their own faith.

9. What’s in the Bible by R. C. Sproul
   Sproul provides an overview of the Bible’s contents, explaining the major themes and structure of Scripture. An accessible and informative guide for those looking to understand the big picture of the Bible and how its books fit together.

10. Covenantal Baptism by Jason Helopulous
    Helopulous explains the practice of infant baptism from a covenantal perspective, rooted in Reformed theology. An excellent resource for parents, pastors, and church members who want to understand the biblical basis for covenantal baptism.

11. Chosen by God by R. C. Sproul
    Sproul explores the doctrine of predestination, offering a clear and biblical explanation of this often misunderstood topic. A foundational work for those wrestling with or seeking to understand the doctrine of election in the Reformed tradition.

12. Killing Calvinism: How to Destroy a Perfectly Good Theology from the Inside by Greg Dutcher
    The antidote to “cage stage” Calvinism. Dutcher presents a candid and self-reflective critique that helps Reformed believers avoid common mistakes and maintain a humble, Christ-centered faith.

13. Christians Get Depressed Too by David Murray
    Murray addresses the reality of depression among Christians, offering biblical encouragement and practical advice. A compassionate and balanced resource for understanding depression and supporting those who struggle with it, rooted in biblical truth.

14. Spiritual Disciplines of the Christian Life by Donald S. Whitney
    Whitney guides readers through key spiritual disciplines like prayer, Bible study, and fasting, showing their importance for spiritual growth. A practical and motivating guide for believers who want to deepen their walk with God through intentional spiritual practices.

15. Pocket Book of Church History by D. Jeffrey Bingham
    This concise overview of church history covers key events, figures, and developments from the early church to the present. An accessible introduction to church history that provides a valuable context for understanding the development of Christian doctrine and practice.

16. The Valley of Vision by Arthur Bennet
    This book lives by my reading chair and I’ve finished it half a dozen times. A collection of Puritan prayers and devotions, it offers deep spiritual insights and rich theological reflections. A timeless resource for personal devotion, helping believers deepen their prayer life with biblically rich and theologically profound prayers. Use one a day.

17. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther by Roland H. Bainton (revised edition, 2017)
    This biography of Martin Luther vividly recounts his life, struggles, and impact on the Reformation. A compelling and accessible portrait of one of the most influential figures in Christian history, essential for understanding the Reformation.

18. Practical Religion by J. C. Ryle
    One of my top-ten favorites. Ryle addresses the importance of living out one’s faith in everyday life, emphasizing the need for practical godliness. A timeless exhortation to live out the Christian faith with sincerity and conviction, offering practical advice for godly living.

19. The Master Plan of Evangelism by Robert Coleman
    Coleman outlines Jesus’ strategy for evangelism, focusing on disciple-making as the key to effective ministry. A classic work on evangelism that emphasizes the importance of intentional discipleship and multiplication in fulfilling the Great Commission.

20. Profiting from the Word by A. W. Pink
    Pink explores how believers can truly benefit from reading and applying God’s Word to their lives. A deeply practical guide to reading Scripture in a way that leads to genuine spiritual growth and transformation.

21. Confessions by Augustine of Hippo
    A timeless classic for good reason. Augustine’s autobiographical work reflects on his sinful past and conversion, offering profound theological insights. A foundational Christian classic that provides a deep and introspective look at the human heart, sin, and God’s grace.

22. The God Who is There by Francis Schaeffer
    Schaeffer addresses the challenges of modern secularism, presenting a Christian worldview that engages with contemporary culture. A thought-provoking defense of the Christian faith that equips believers to engage thoughtfully with the intellectual and cultural challenges of the modern world.

23. The Deep Things of God: How the Trinity Changes Everything by Fred Sanders
    Sanders explores the significance of the Trinity for the Christian life, showing how this doctrine is foundational to every aspect of faith. A profound and accessible exploration of the Trinity, offering fresh insights into how this central doctrine shapes our understanding of God and the Christian life.

24. Love Thy Body: Answering Hard Questions about Life and Sexuality by Nancy Pearcey
    Pearcey addresses contemporary issues related to sexuality, gender, and the human body, offering a Christian perspective on these cultural debates. A timely and insightful book that helps Christians navigate the complex moral and ethical challenges of modern society.

25. Strange New World: How Thinkers and Activists Redefined Identity and Sparked the Sexual Revolution by Carl Trueman

    Trueman offers a condensed exploration of the ideas and cultural shifts that have led to the modern understanding of identity and sexuality, drawing from his earlier work, The Rise and Triumph of the Modern Self. An insightful and accessible analysis of the cultural forces shaping contemporary views on identity, making it essential for those wanting to understand and engage with today's social issues.

    BONUS: Providence by John Piper

    This is the last mountain to climb and boy, is it tall! But the views are fantastic! Piper explores the biblical doctrine of providence, showing how God’s sovereign control extends over all aspects of life. A comprehensive and awe-inspiring study of God’s hand upon creation, offering deep comfort and assurance for believers in the midst of life’s uncertainties.

Sermon Postscript for Mk 3:22-28 — Resources Spiritual Warfare

On Jan 7, 2024, I preached a sermon on Mark 3:22-28, where Jesus asserts that he has “bound the strongman” in order to “plunder his house.” In other words, Jesus is not only able to overcome Satan’s grip on souls, but is actively delivering the elect to salvation. What a joy!

The passage raises many questions about the nature of spiritual warfare and I’d like to suggest a few resources I’ve found helpful.

First, I highly recommend chapter 13, “Growth in Grace,” from Thoughts on Religious Experience, by the late and great Archibald Alexander. Archive.org offers the entire book for free in many formats. The whole volume is excellent, but that chapter in particular is a trove of insight about spiritual growth (and decline).

Second, I commend Precious Remedies Against Satan’s Devices by the puritan preacher Thomas Brooks. Truly worthwhile.

A third, more modern resource is a little-known but useful study called “Satan Cast Out” by Frederick Leahy. It’s one of the only studies in demonology from a Reformed perspective that I’m aware of. The author brings Scripture to bear on many strange and even outlandish reports that were being circulated among missionaries of the Scottish church.

Finally, if you want a very thorough treatment of spiritual warfare, look no further than William Gurnall’s massive treatise, The Christian in Complete Armor, which is a practical study of Ephesians 6.

Rev. Spotts' Sabbatical Half-Way Report

Greetings, brothers and sisters. Now that I’ve reached the halfway mark in my sabbatical—that went quick!—some of you might be wondering what I’ve been up to and what comes next? Let me summarize those things, but first express my gratitude for granting this unusual and fruitful season in ministry. It has been a great blessing to me as well as to my family.

Bear Canyon Lake

I began with a number of goals related to my roles as family man, pastor, and disciple. At the top of the list was to spend extended time with my boys who are now ages four and six. Besides more time playing on the splash pad at home, we went on two camping trips totaling a week. We worked on basic camping, fishing, and bushcraft skills. Then at night, I enjoyed peace and quiet to read, think, and pray.

Speaking of reading, I’ve read more in the past six weeks that I had in the previous three or four months, at least on subjects unrelated to my preaching. Some titles that stand out are Augustine’s Confessions and City of God, and J. C. Ryle’s excellent books, Old Paths and The Upper Room. Other titles were related to parenting, biblical history, the attributes of God, and the doctrine of man. It’s been a time of spiritual and intellectual feasting!

Since a portion of all that reading was audio-format, I was able to do some woodworking while listening. For the parsonage, I built a folding table and backsplash. I also built a box for serving communion to homebound people. Doing so reminded me that I am “less than a carpenter.”

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Another major project has been on my radar ever since we received the Trinity Psalter Hymnal. Namely, to build a spreadsheet to help select songs for services. Basically, I went through all 800+ psalms and hymns and noted which songs fit different parts of the worship service, including which verses apply best. Moreover, I got input from the pianists and Rev. Smith to rated the overall “singability” every tune. No small feat! It was an undertaking, yes, but one which I trust will not only improve and streamline the selection of songs at PURC, but will be of value to pastors throughout the URC.

Lately, I’ve written broad outlines and begun research for my next five sermon series. It feels good to have a clear view of where we are headed!

One personal highlight occurred last week. I went on a four wheeling overnight trip with several men from the church up Harquahala mountain. We brought along telescopes and enjoyed the beauty of God’s creation, including good views of the Needle and Whirlpool galaxies as well as the great globular cluster of Hercules (M13). However, not all of God’s creation is equally beautiful, at least to me. I was reminded of this just before going to sleep on the ground. A centipede as long as my hand came crawling by. You won’t fault me for changing plans and sleeping atop Brett Danzeisen’s truck.

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Finally, here are things coming up. Ashley and I will be taking the family to California to visit the grandparents. We will also be celebrating our 10th wedding anniversary on June 1! After that, I will be providing pulpit supply at a church in Idaho and conducting a wedding in Minnesota. Then I’ll be leading worship at the Cadet campout. We’ll probably attend worship at several local OPC and PCA churches here. As for ministry, I hope to prepare several recommended reading lists to share with the church (I get asked for these frequently) while continuing to plow through books, myself. God helping me, I wish above all to re-read the entire New Testament and invest a larger proportion of time in prayer and fasting than normal. 

I simply want to thank you again for being supportive of my family, ministry, and me personally. God knows it is far more than I deserve. By his grace I hope it returns back to you in joyful, effective service.

Gratefully,

Rev. Michael Spotts

The Sunday Reader — ed. Jan 25, 2023

Worthwhile articles, odds, and ends collected this week.

10 Absurdities of Atheism

A brief but cogent critique of the major weaknesses of atheistic belief.

When I Die Young (or Old)

A beautiful reflection on how the author hopes she and her those who knew her will respond to her passing.

The Economics of Abortion by Kevin DeYoung

We’ve all heard the claim, “abortion is not desirable, but it delivers many women (and aborted children) from a life of poverty.” DeYoung dismantles the argument. Here’s an excerpt,

The presence of widespread, legal, easily accessible abortion reinforces the narrative that men do not have control over their sexual appetites and that men should not be expected to fulfill their responsibilities as fathers. Far from empowering women, abortion empowers men to expect (if not outright demand) that sexual activity should be free from any consequences. This in turn disincentivizes men from considering marriage in the first place, which is the surest way to impoverish women. […] Overwhelmingly, abortions in America are procured by single women—85% of the women who had abortions in 2019 were unmarried. This may seem like a reason women need abortion access, but that argument fails to address the larger ways in which abortion cheapens sex, undermines marriage, and puts pressure on women to acquiesce to a male-centered perspective that views sexual intimacy as centered on physical gratification rather than ordered to family formation and child-rearing. If abortion looks like a socioeconomic “cure,” it is only first because it is a major component of the disease. And this is to say nothing of the lost economic activity that comes as a result of removing millions of potential American workers from the labor force and tax base.

Recommended book of the week:

The Ten Commandments by Thomas Watson (free online) is a great companion to our present section of the Heidelberg Catechism.